The barometer
is the simplest instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. The earth's
atmosphere at sea level has a weight of 14.7 pounds over a square inch of
surface.
Pasteurization requires that the milk is in custody for a specified time. The appropriate length for the holding tube can be calculated by the flow rate (Q) of milk and the diameter (D) of the holding tube using the formula: Length of holding tube, L = Q x holding time/A x η A = Area = pi/4 x sqr D Where an efficiency factor, η, of 0.85 is used in the model.