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What is the reason for formation of Scale?

The main problem associated with the use of hard water in the different applications is scale.

Scale is a precipitate deposited on surfaces (e.g. inner pipe surfaces) that are in contact with water.  
          Scale is formed by degree of super saturation

  • high saturation index enhances scale formation
          Ca2+ + 2 HCO3- CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

  • Scale is formed by Temperature
          Increase temperature, decreases solubility of CaCO3 and enhances scale formation

  •  Scale is formed by PH
           Increase PH, decreases solubility of CaCO3 and enhances scale formation
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